Rashtriya Aapat Kya Hai? Article 352 Ki Puri Jankari

 Rashtriya Aapat, jise English me National Emergency kaha jata hai, Bharat ke Samvidhan ka sabse shaktishali aur gambhir pravadhan mana jata hai. Ye Article 352 ke tahat lagu hota hai aur tab ghoshit kiya jata hai jab desh ki suraksha ko yudh (War), bahari hamla (External Aggression) ya sashastr vidroh (Armed Rebellion) se khatra ho.

Rashtriya Aapat ka concept desh ki akhandata aur rashtriya suraksha ko prathmikta dene ke liye banaya gaya tha. Lekin iska itihaas batata hai ki ye pravadhan kabhi-kabhi loktantrik moolyon ke liye chunauti bhi ban sakta hai.

Is article me hum Rashtriya Aapat ka gahra adhyayan karenge — iska itihas, prakriya, prabhav, nyayik samiksha (Judicial Review), 44th Constitutional Amendment, aur Bharat ke loktantra par iska asar.

                                                                  

1. Rashtriya Aapat Ka Samvidhanik Adhar

Rashtriya Aapat ka pravadhan Bharat ke Samvidhan ke Part XVIII (Emergency Provisions) me diya gaya hai. Article 352 specifically National Emergency se sambandhit hai.

Samvidhan nirmataon ne Germany ke Weimar Constitution se prerna lekar Emergency provisions ko include kiya tha. Unka maanna tha ki kisi bhi rashtra ko apni suraksha ke liye asadharan paristhitiyon me asadharan shaktiyon ki avashyakta hoti hai.

Article 352 ke anusaar, agar Rashtrapati santusht ho jate hain ki desh ki suraksha ko gambhir khatra hai, to ve Emergency declare kar sakte hain.

---

2. Rashtriya Aapat Ke Karan (Grounds of National Emergency)

National Emergency teen adhar par lag sakti hai:

(1) War – Yudh Ki Sthiti

Jab Bharat kisi anya desh ke saath seedhe yudh me ho.

(2) External Aggression – Bahari Hamla

Jab koi desh Bharat par akraman kare ya akraman ka spasht sanket ho.

(3) Armed Rebellion – Sashastr Vidroh

Desh ke andar hi sangathit aur hathiyarband vidroh.

👉 Mahatvapurn:
1975 me “Internal Disturbance” shabd ka durupyog hua tha. Isliye 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978) ne ise badal kar “Armed Rebellion” kar diya, taaki Emergency ka galat istemal na ho.

---

3. Rashtriya Aapat Ghoshit Karne Ki Prakriya

National Emergency ek vyavasthit prakriya ke madhyam se lagu hoti hai:

1. Mantri Parishad ki Likhit Salah
   Rashtrapati apni marzi se Emergency nahi laga sakte. Cabinet ki likhit salah anivarya hai.

2. Rashtrapati Dwara Ghoshna
   Salah milne ke baad Rashtrapati proclamation jari karte hain.

3. Sansadiya Manzoori

   • 1 mahine ke andar Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha dono se manzoori leni hoti hai.

   • Special majority se pass hona chahiye (present aur voting members ka majority + total membership ka majority).

4. Avadhi (Duration)

   • Har 6 mahine me Sansad ki punah manzoori avashyak hai.

   • Theoretically indefinite samay tak chal sakti hai jab tak Parliament renew karti rahe.

---

4. Rashtriya Aapat Ka Kendra-Rajya Sambandh Par Prabhav

Emergency lagne par Bharat ka federal structure prabhavit hota hai.

• Kendra sarkar rajyon ke upar adhik niyantran kar sakti hai.

• Parliament State List ke vishayon par bhi kanoon bana sakti hai.

• Rajyon ki executive power Kendra ke adheen ho jati hai.

Iska arth hai ki Bharat ka federal system temporary roop se unitary system me badal jata hai.

---

5. Mool Adhikaron Par Prabhav

Rashtriya Aapat ka sabse gambhir prabhav nagriko ke Fundamental Rights par padta hai.

Article 19

War ya External Aggression ke dauran Article 19 ke adhikar automatically suspend ho jate hain.

Article 359

Rashtrapati kuch mool adhikaro ke enforcement ko sthagit kar sakte hain.

Lekin 44th Amendment ke baad:

• Article 20 (Protection in respect of conviction)

• Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty)

ko suspend nahi kiya ja sakta.

Ye amendment nagriko ki suraksha ke liye ek mahatvapurn kadam tha.

---

6. Nyayik Samiksha (Judicial Review)

Shuru me mana jata tha ki Rashtrapati ka faisla nyayalaya me challenge nahi kiya ja sakta.

Lekin baad me Supreme Court ne spasht kiya ki agar Emergency mala fide (galat irade se) declare ki gayi ho, to uski judicial review ho sakti hai.

1975 ki Emergency ke baad judiciary ne apni bhumika ko aur majboot kiya.

---

7. Bharat Me Rashtriya Aapat Ka Itihas

1962 – China Yudh

Pehli baar National Emergency China ke hamle ke dauran lagayi gayi.

1971 – Pakistan Yudh

Bangladesh Mukti Sangram ke samay Emergency lagayi gayi.

1975–1977 – Internal Emergency

25 June 1975 ko lagayi gayi Emergency sabse adhik vivadit rahi.
Is dauran:

• Press censorship lagayi gayi

• Rajnitik virodhiyon ko giraftar kiya gaya

• Mool adhikar prabhavit hue

Ye samay Bharat ke loktantra ke liye sabse kathin pariksha mana jata hai.

---

8. 44th Constitutional Amendment Ka Vishesh Mahatva

1975 ke anubhav ke baad 44th Amendment laya gaya jisme:

• Internal Disturbance ko Armed Rebellion kiya gaya

• Cabinet ki likhit salah anivarya ki gayi

• Article 20 aur 21 ko surakshit kiya gaya

• Lok Sabha ko Emergency revoke karne ka adhikar diya gaya

Is amendment ne Emergency powers ko santulit aur niyantrit kiya.

---

9. Rashtriya Aapat: Loktantra Ke Liye Chunauti Ya Suraksha?

Rashtriya Aapat ek do-dhaari talwar ki tarah hai.

Suraksha Ke Liye Zaruri:

• Desh ko turant aur kathor kadam lene ki avashyakta hoti hai

• Bahari hamlon se suraksha

Lekin Chunauti:

• Loktantra kamzor ho sakta hai

• Nagriko ke adhikar simit ho sakte hain

• Rajnitik durupyog ka khatra

Isliye iska prayog bahut hi saavdhani se kiya jana chahiye.

---

10. Aaj Ke Sandarbh Me Rashtriya Aapat

Aaj Bharat ek majboot loktantrik desh hai. Emergency provisions ab bhi Samvidhan ka hissa hain, lekin 44th Amendment ke baad inka durupyog mushkil ho gaya hai.

Global security challenges, cyber warfare aur geopolitical tensions ke dauran bhi Emergency provisions ka relevance bana hua hai, lekin democratic accountability bhi utni hi zaruri hai.

FAQs – Rashtriya Aapat

Q1. Rashtriya Aapat kis Article ke tahat lagti hai?
Ans: Article 352.

Q2. National Emergency kitne samay tak chal sakti hai?
Ans: Har 6 mahine me Sansad ki manzoori se badhayi ja sakti hai.

Q3. Kya Emergency me Right to Life suspend ho sakta hai?
Ans: Nahi, 44th Amendment ke baad Article 21 suspend nahi kiya ja sakta.

---

Nishkarsh (Conclusion)

Rashtriya Aapat Bharat ke Samvidhan ka ek shaktishali aur asadharan pravadhan hai. Iska uddeshya desh ki suraksha aur akhandata ko banaye rakhna hai, lekin iska itihaas hume sikhata hai ki shaktiyon ka santulit aur zimmedar upyog kitna mahatvapurn hai.

Ek jagruk nagrik ke roop me hume apne Samvidhan, adhikaro aur kartavyaon ki jankari hona bahut zaruri hai. Rashtriya Aapat ka pravadhan desh ki suraksha ke liye hai — lekin loktantra ki raksha bhi utni hi mahatvapurn hai.